Bacteriophage-Mediated Modulation of the Gut Virome in AntibioticResistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract

The increasing emergence of antibiotics-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is a significant health issue around the world, and it demands new treatment methods instead of typical antimicrobials. Bacteriophages Natural bacterial viral predators are now becoming a viable direct pathogen control tool and can also be used to modulate microbiomes. In this research paper, the author seeks to find out the value of bacteria phage as the alternative to remodel the gut virome and the relief of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. We then considered phage host interactions, viral community structure changes, and downstream microbial ecology using in vitro models of gut microbiota as well as live murine infection models. The responses in our experimental groups indicate that specific phage-mediated treatments can lead to large decreases in resistant populations of Enterobacteriaceae with concomitant changes in the entire virome within the gut environment, especially phage distribution and horizontal gene transfer rates. Interestingly, phage killing reduced carriage of plasmid-encoded resistance resistance, and this therefore provided a dual advantage in both reduced bacterial load and limitation of resistance spread. Virome sequencing also exemplified creation of new phagebacterial steady states, meaning phage therapy has more to it than merely clearing pathogens, but has effects in the realm of altering ecological stability. Critically, microbiota diversity was kept to a great extent with the least interruption in commensal populations of bacterium. These results help identify the therapeutic promise of phages as precision therapeutics to manipulate microbial ecosystems to respond to challenges in antibiotic resistance. This effort has given fundamental answers regarding how phages can alter virome architecture and reservoirs of resistance genes, information that can form the basis of logical strategies in the design of phage-based interventions. Applications of phage therapy in the future can be individualizing phage cocktails and phage-antibiotic combination approaches to resist infections. In sum, weaved genus of bacteriophage virus in the gut or microbiome seems to be a feasible and ecologically friendly approach to the worldwide problem of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.